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About the Contributing Authors YenMing Chen YenMing Chen CISSP, MCSE is a Principal Consultant at Foundstone, where he provides security consulting service to.Release Notes for Cisco Wireless Controllers and Lightweight Access Points for Cisco Wireless Release 8.Cisco WLC 2504, 5508, 5520, Flex 7510, 8510, 8540.PNG' alt='Cisco Ios Software Ip Service Level Agreement Vulnerability Scanners' title='Cisco Ios Software Ip Service Level Agreement Vulnerability Scanners' />Oh Man, Youre Gonna Hate What Equifax Just Admitted About That Security Breach.Equifax, the major credit reporting agency which collected extensive financial data on hundreds of millions of Americans before losing said data on 1.You are so not going to like it.In a post on a website designed to spread information on how the company is handling the hack, Equifax said it had tracked down the vulnerability Equifax has been intensely investigating the scope of the intrusion with the assistance of a leading, independent cybersecurity firm to determine what information was accessed and who has been impacted.Cisco Ios Software Ip Service Level Agreement Vulnerability Scanners' title='Cisco Ios Software Ip Service Level Agreement Vulnerability Scanners' />We know that criminals exploited a U.S.The vulnerability was Apache Struts CVE 2.We continue to work with law enforcement as part of our criminal investigation, and have shared indicators of compromise with law enforcement.As Ars Technica noted, Apache Struts is an open source framework for developing Java based apps that run both front end and back end Web servers which is extremely popular with financial institutions.Heres the National Vulnerability Database description of the bug The Jakarta Multipart parser in Apache Struts 2 2.Content Type HTTP header, as exploited in the wild in March 2.The bug in question was fixed with a patch on March 6.Soon afterwards, hackers began exploiting it en masse and didnt let up.Equifax claims to have learned of the breach, which began in May, in late July.That is months after the vulnerability was known and easily fixed with an update, though Equifax might have had to rewrite or update other components of their software portfolio after applying patches.Considering Equifax is one of the largest credit reporting agencies whose sole business relies on both credibility of data and securely handling the sensitive data of millions of consumers, it is fair to say that they should have patched it as soon as possible, not to exceed a week, Pravin Kothari, chief of security firm Cipher.Cloud, told USA Today.A typical bank would have patched this critical vulnerability within a few days.Apache Struts had previously responded to reports that another vulnerability patched in September, CVE 2.Regarding the assertion that especially CVE 2.InformationWeek.News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peertopeer knowledge sharing.Engage with our community.If the latter was the case, the team would have had a hard time to provide a good answer why they did not fix this earlier.But now that the breach is known to be CVE 2.In a statement, Apache Struts wrote, This vulnerability was patched on 7 March 2.In conclusion, the Equifax data compromise was due to their failure to install the security updates provided in a timely manner.In an unrelated but nearly as embarrassing incident, security journalist Brian Krebs wrote Equifaxs Argentina branch had left a portal for employees to resolve credit reporting disputes set to the default login and password combination adminadmin.In addition to providing personal info on more than 1.Equifax employees, the vulnerability would have allowed anyone to obtain DNIs the equivalent of a Social Security number on over 1.Argentinians.Ahem. 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Passive Voice English.Club. Everybody drinks water.Water is drunk by everybody.Voice is a grammatical category that applies to verbs.Voice in English expresses the relationship of the subject to the action.Voice has two values active the subject does the actionpassive the subject receives the action.Shakespearewrote.Hamlet. Hamletwas writtenby.Shakespeare. The active voice is the normal voice the one that we use most of the time.In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb activesubjectverbobject Catseatmice.The passive voice is less common.Firstenglish. org English online exercises for students English grammar rules, online lessons and learning.In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb passivesubjectverbobject Miceare eatenby cats.See how the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb subjectverbobjectactive.Everybodydrinkswater.Wateris drunkby everybody.Active Voice. Cats eat mice.The active voice is the normal voice of an English sentence.Intransitive verbs verbs with no direct object are always in the active voice.Transitive verbs are usually in the active voice subjectverb Johnnylaughed.Antongot uplate. Peopledrinkwater.In the active voice, the subject is the person or thing responsible for the action of the verb.All tenses are possible in the active voice, as well as all sentence types, positive, negative or question.MeEqUP9ws/UEPIJY2kK4I/AAAAAAAAAn8/3K_HptJ2vbE/s640/active10.bmp]];var lpix_1=pix_1.length;var p1_0= [[638' alt='Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' title='Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' />Use of active.The active voice is the default voice in English.All intransitive verbs can only be in the active voice, and all transitive verbs usually are active voice unless we deliberately make them passive.In spoken English, we almost always use active voice.It is the natural choice, more precise and generally shorter. 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In written English, active voice is usually easier and more interesting for the reader.Passive voice can sound dull and bureaucratic, and is typical of official writing.In the interests of plain English that the average person can understand, many governments now encourage civil servants to write in the active voice.The active voice is direct and specificuses fewer words always a good thingdynamic.Except on occasions when the passive voice is actually useful, the active voice is the voice of choice.The_present_perfect_tense_elt-els.png?height=378&width=400' alt='Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' title='Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' />Passive Voice Mice are eaten by cats.Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there are several good reasons to sometimes use the passive.On this page we look at how to construct the passive voice and when and why to use it.Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' title='Active Voice Present Continuous Tense Quiz' />How do we make the passive The basic structure of a passive clause is very simple subjectauxiliary verbbemain verbpast participlebyagent optional.The auxiliary be is conjugated in all tenses.The main verb is always the past participle.The agent is the original doer of the action.Look at some examples subjectauxiliary verb bemain verb past participleby Iamemployedby.Apple. Youwill bewoken at 6.Itwill have beenfinished by then.Wehave beennotifiedby.Head Office. Youare beingtransferred next week.Theywill bepaid. Notice above auxiliary be can be conjugated for all persons and tensesmain verb is invariable past participleif there is an agent Apple, Head Office, it is introduced by by.Agentless passive.The subject of an active sentence does the action.In a passive sentence, we express the doer or agent through a by phrase the long passive or, very often, we remove it completely the short passive.In the following example, the agent is the Allies active.The Allies firebombed Dresden.Dresden was firebombed by the Allies.Dresden was firebombed.The short passive is also known as the agentless passive.Soon you will see how useful it can be.Negatives and questions.The table below shows examples of the passive with negative sentences, question sentences and negative question sentences subject auxiliary verbbe main verbpast participle You arenotpaidto watch You.Tube. Theywillneverbe employedby us.Arethey cleanedregularly Hasyour wallet been stolen Ishe notnotifiedimmediately Willthey notbe dismissed Haventthey been forgotten Notice above position of auxiliary be or first auxiliary for questionspossible positions of not, nt, never to create negation.Use of the passive.When and why do we use passive voice There are several times when the passive voice is useful, and usually the decision has to do with the doer agent or the receiver of the action.For example, we use the passive when 1.Tenses present, past, future, continuous, perfect and Parts of Speech nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Worksheets, Handouts, Ebooks, Games, and morePresident Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald.Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy.My wallet has been stolen.Somebody has stolen my wallet.Our house is being painted.XYZ Company is painting our house.I am paid weekly.My company pays me weekly.Passengers are reminded to fasten their seatbelts.The Captain reminds passengers to fasten their seatbelts.The emergency services can be called by dialling 9.The public can call the emergency services by dialling 9.Potassium was added and mixed in.The solution was heated to 8.C and then allowed to cool.The technician added potassium and mixed it in.The technician. heated the solution to 8.C and then allowed it to cool.Mistakes were made and unfortunately never rectified.The Prime Minister made mistakes and unfortunately never rectified them.Look at this sentence.He was killed with a gun.Normally we use by to introduce the agent.But the gun is not the original doer of the action.The gun did not kill him.He was killed by somebody with a gun.In the active voice, it would be Somebody killed him with a gun.Somebody is the agent.The gun is the instrument.The get passive. Although we normally construct the passive with be past participle, it is also possible in informal language to use get past participle.So if France beat England at football, we could turn this to passive and say England were beaten by France be passive or England got beaten by France get passive.And we might also add But France will get thrashed by Russia.For formal English and exams you should use the be passive, but in informal language people sometimes use the get passive.Forms of passive.The passive voice is not a tense itself.But for transitive verbs each tense, as well as other verb forms such as infinitives and participles, can be produced in the passive voice.Some of the more complicated tenses mostly perfect continuous are rarely used in the passive, but they are possible.Here are some examples of the passive voice with many of the possible forms using the verb sing infinitiveto be sungperfect infinitiveto have been sungparticiplesungperfect participlehaving been sunggerundbeing sung Simple.Continuous. Perfect.Presentam, are, is sungam, are, is being sunghave, has been sung.Pastwas, were sungwas, were being sunghad been sung.Futurewill be sungwill be being sungwill have been sung.Active and Passive Examples.The table below shows example sentences in active and passive voice for the basic tenses as well as various other verb forms, including infinitives and participles.Present Simple. How does one pronounce his name How is his name pronounced Present Continuous.Atis helping Tara.Taras being helped by Ati.Present Perfect. Kid has served dinner.Dinner has been served.Present Perfect Continuous.The police have been watching that house for weeks.That house has been being watched for weeks.Past Simple. They didnt fix my phone yesterday.My phone wasnt fixed yesterday.Past Continuous. They were interrogating him when I called.He was being interrogated when I called.Past Perfect. I wondered why they hadnt invited me.I wondered why I hadnt been invited.Past Perfect Continuous.She wasnt sure how long theyd been following her.She wasnt sure how long shed been being followed.Future Simple. They will hang him at dawn.He will be hanged at dawn.Future Continuous.They wont be questioning him when you get there.He wont be being questioned when you get there.Future Perfect. They will have repaired your car by 7pm.Your car will have been repaired by 7pm.Future Perfect Continuous.Theyll have been treating her for exactly three months tomorrow.Shell have been being treated for exactly three months tomorrow.I dont want anyone to disturb me.I dont want to be disturbed.They seem to have taken it.It seems to have been taken.I saw the cat eating it.I saw it being eaten by the cat.Having finished my work, I went home.My work having been finished, I went home.I insisted on them paying me.I insisted on being paid.Is he going to sing Thriller at the party Is Thriller going to be sung at the partyFree ESL worksheets, ESL printables, English grammar handouts, free printable tests ESL WORKSHEETS, ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRINTABLES, ESL HANDOUTSWelcome to our downloadable ESL worksheets section.Whether youre an ESL student looking.English, or an ESL teacher looking for printables handouts for the classroom, check out our list of topics below.The topics. covered include verb tenses, phrasal verbs, articles, prepositions, pronouns, countable and non countable nouns, and many others.If you dont want to download the exercises one by one, you can download an exercise package in one zip file IMPORTANT The worksheets are for classroomhome use only.WE DO NOT ALLOW THE REPOSTING OF ANY OF OUR WORKSHEETS ONLINE.If you plan to share any of our content, please review our content policy first.WRITING SKILLS for advancednative speakers ARTICLES A or ANA or AN 2.A or THE A or THE 2.A, AN or THE A, AN or THE 2.A, AN or THE ARTICLE or NO ARTICLE ARTICLE or NO ARTICLE ARTICLE or NO ARTICLE ARTICLE or NO ARTICLEMixed Articles 1 A, An, The, No ArticleMixed Articles 2 A, An, The, No ArticleMixed Articles 3 A, An, The, No ArticleMixed Articles 4 A, An, The, No ArticleMixed Articles 5 A, An, The, No ArticleMixed Articles 6.Mixed Articles 7.VERB TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT tense 1.SIMPLE PRESENT tense 2.Present tense of the verb TO BE 1.TO BE or TO HAVE 1.TO BE or TO HAVE 2.Past participles 1.Past participles 2.Contractions 1. Contractions 2.The PASSIVE VOICE Mixed tenses 1.The PASSIVE VOICE Mixed tenses 2.The PASSIVE VOICE Mixed tenses 3.The passive voice Simple past 1.The passive voice Simple present 1.Mixed Verb Tenses 1.Mixed Verb Tenses 2.Mixed Verb Tenses 3.Mixed Verb Tenses 4.Mixed Verb Tenses 5.Auxiliary Verbs to do, to have, to be 1.Auxiliary Verbs to do, to have, to be 2.Auxiliary Verbs to do, to have, to be 3.Mixed Modals 1Should, Can, MustMixed Modals 2Should, Can, MustMixed Modals 3Should, Can, MustModals infinitive 1.Modals infinitive 2.Irregular Verbs 1.Irregular Verbs 2.GERUND or INFINITIVEGERUND or INFINITIVE GERUND or INFINITIVE GERUND or INFINITIVESimple Past Tense 1.Simple Past Tense 2.Simple Past Tense 3.Past Continuous Tense 1.Past Continuous Tense 2.Present Perfect Tense 1.Present Perfect Tense 2.Reported Speech Mixed tenses 1.Reported Speech Mixed tenses 2.Reported Speech Mixed tenses 3.Reported Speech Commands 1.SIMPLE PAST or PAST CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT CONTINUOUSSIMPLE PRESENT or PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST or PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT tense 1.Future Tenses 1. Future Tenses 2.The First Conditional 1.The Second Conditional 1.The Second Conditional 2.The Third Conditional 1.The Third Conditional 2.Mixed Conditional Tenses 1.Mixed Conditional Tenses 2.Causative Form Mixed 1.Causative Form Mixed 2.Causative Form Mixed 3.Causative Form Passive 1.Causative Form Active 1.Tag questions 1. Tag questions 2.PREPOSITIONS EXERCISES QUIZZES Prepositions after adjectives 1.Prepositions after adjectives 2.Prepositions after adjectives 3.Prepositions Mixed 1.Prepositions Mixed 2.Prepositions Mixed 3.Prepositions Mixed 4.Prepositions On, At, In 1.Prepositions On, At, In 2.Prepositions On, At, In 3.Prepositions On, At, In 4.PREPOSITION or NO PREPOSITION PREPOSITIONS of TIME since, for, in, fromPrepositions with phrasal verbs 1.Prepositions with phrasal verbs 2.Prepositions with phrasal verbs 3.PHRASAL VERB EXERCISES QUIZZES ENGLISH PRONOUNS COUNTABLE COUNT or NON COUNTABLE NON COUNT NOUNS ADJECTIVESADVERBS OTHER EXERCISES QUIZZES How much, long, often, well 1.How much, long, often, well 2.Antonyms 1. Antonyms 2.OPPOSITES of words 1.OPPOSITES of words 2.OPPOSITES of words 3.Word order in English 1.Word order in English 2.Which word WHO, WHICH, WHOSEWhich word WHO, WHICH, WHOSE Which word THIS, THESE, THEREWhich word THIS, THESE, THERE Plurals of nouns part 1.Plurals of nouns part 2.THERE, THEYRE, THEIR 1.THERE, THEYRE, THEIR 2.WHO or WHOM SOME or ANYSOME or ANY 2.WHOLE or ALL DID or MADE TO DO or TO MAKE Conjunction Exercise 1.Conjunction Exercise 2.If you would like to suggest a specific English grammar quiztest, please contact us For another great collection of English grammar and vocabulary printables, check out our sister site ESLPDF. SAMJ Vol 1. 05, No 1.HMPGSAMJ Vol 1. 05, No 1.Published on Dec 1, 2.Climate change and health. Borland Developer Studio 2006 Professional Courier . HTB1zTPvKpXXXXaGaXXXq6xXFXXXu/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B-BP-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg' alt='Automated Vs Manual Bp Monitoring For Systolic Hypertension During Exercise' title='Automated Vs Manual Bp Monitoring For Systolic Hypertension During Exercise' />Ebola views from the field and ethical challenges.Should doctors sue patients Fees.Must. Fall and universal he.Automated Vs Manual Bp Monitoring For Systolic Hypertension During Exercise' title='Automated Vs Manual Bp Monitoring For Systolic Hypertension During Exercise' /> BIOS Wikipedia. This article is about the BIOS as found in IBM PC compatibles.For other uses, see Bios disambiguation.For IBM PC compatible computers, BIOS BYOS, an acronym for Basic InputOutput System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS is non volatile firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process power on startup, and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.The BIOS firmware comes pre installed on a personal computers system board, and it is the first software run when powered on.How To Update The Computer Bios And Booting' title='How To Update The Computer Bios And Booting' />This post shows you how to check current BIOS version in Windows 108.Windows Registry, WMIC CMD, System Information Tool or DXDiag.The name originates from the Basic InputOutput System used in the CPM operating system in 1.Originally proprietary to the IBM PC, the BIOS has been reverse engineered by companies looking to create compatible systems.The interface of that original system serves as a de facto standard.The BIOS in modern PCs initializes and tests the system hardware components, and loads a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device.Solved I cant access my HDD on my computer and i dont understand my BIOS and boot menu HP LAPTOP.Hi, I got a latitude 3330 which crashed while updating BIOS.Now when starting the NB, the DELL logo shows up but just stays there forever. 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If I hit ESC, a process.PLEASE NOTE I dont care about the hard drive at this point, i only care about fixing the BIOS So my friend told me he is having trouble with his computer, He told me.Set-Your-Computer-to-Boot-from-USB-Flash-Drive-Step-9.jpg/aid710773-v4-728px-Set-Your-Computer-to-Boot-from-USB-Flash-Drive-Step-9.jpg' alt='How To Update The Computer Bios And Booting' title='How To Update The Computer Bios And Booting' />In the era of MS DOS, the BIOS provided a hardware abstraction layer for the keyboard, display, and other inputoutput IO devices that standardized an interface to application programs and the operating system.More recent operating systems do not use the BIOS after loading, instead accessing the hardware components directly.Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices that make up the complementary system chipset.Originally, BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard.In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard.This allows easy, end user updates to the BIOS firmware so new features can be added or bugs can be fixed, but it also creates a possibility for the computer to become infected with BIOS rootkits.Furthermore, a BIOS upgrade that fails can brick the motherboard permanently, unless the system includes some form of backup for this case.Unified Extensible Firmware Interface UEFI is the successor to BIOS, aiming to address its technical shortcomings.Historyedit. C P M B A S I C I O S Y S T E M B I O S.COPYRIGHT C GARY A.KILDALL. JUNE, 1.B A S I C D I S K O P E R A T I N G S Y S T E M B D O S.COPYRIGHT C GARY A.KILDALL. JUNE, 1.An excerpt from the BDOS.PLM file header in the PLM source code of CPM 1.CPM 1. 2 for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories LLL2The term BIOS Basic InputOutput System was invented by Gary Kildall5 and first appeared in the CPM operating system in 1.CPM loaded during boot time that interfaces directly with the hardware.A CPM machine usually has only a simple boot loader in its ROM.Versions of MS DOS, PC DOS or DR DOS contain a file called variously IO.SYS, IBMBIO. COM, IBMBIO.SYS, or DRBIOS. SYS this file is known as the DOS BIOS also known as DOS IO System and contains the lower level hardware specific part of the operating system.Together with the underlying hardware specific, but operating system independent System BIOS, which resides in ROM, it represents the analogue to the CPM BIOS.With the introduction of PS2 machines, IBM divided the System BIOS into real mode and protected mode portions.The real mode portion was meant to provide backward compatibility with existing operating systems such as DOS, and therefore was named CBIOS for Compatibility BIOS, whereas the ABIOS for Advanced BIOS provided new interfaces specifically suited for multitasking operating systems such as OS2.User interfaceeditThe first commercial licensing of CPM took place in 1.Digital Systems and Omron of America for use in their intelligent terminal, and with Lawrence Livermore Laboratories where CPM was used to monitor programs in the Octopus network.Little attention was paid to CPM for about a year.In my spare time, I worked to improve overall facilities .By this time, CPM had been adapted for four different controllers.In 1. 97. 6, Glenn Ewing approached me with a problem Imsai, Incorporated, for whom Glenn consulted, had shipped a large number of disk subsystems with a promise that an operating system would follow.I was somewhat reluctant to adapt CPM to yet another controller, and thus the notion of a separated Basic IO System BIOS evolved.In principle, the hardware dependent portions of CPM were concentrated in the BIOS, thus allowing Glenn, or anyone else, to adapt CPM to the Imsai equipment.Imsai was subsequently licensed to distribute CPM version 1.IMDOS. Gary Kildall3The BIOS of the original IBM PC XT had no interactive user interface.Error codes or messages were displayed on the screen, or coded series of sounds were generated to signal errors when the power on self test POST had not proceeded to the point of successfully initializing a video display adapter.Options on the IBM PC and XT were set by switches and jumpers on the main board and on peripheral cards.Starting around the mid 1.BIOS ROM to include a BIOS configuration utility BCU9 or BIOS setup utility, accessed at system power up by a particular key sequence.This program allowed the user to set system configuration options, of the type formerly set using DIP switches, through an interactive menu system controlled through the keyboard.In the interim period, IBM compatible PCsincluding the IBM ATheld configuration settings in battery backed RAM and used a bootable configuration program on disk, not in the ROM, to set the configuration options contained in this memory.The disk was supplied with the computer, and if it was lost the system settings could not be changed.The same applied in general to computers with an EISA bus, for which the configuration program was called an EISA Configuration Utility ECU.A modern Wintel compatible computer provides a setup routine essentially unchanged in nature from the ROM resident BIOS setup utilities of the late 1.Also, when errors occur at boot time, a modern BIOS usually displays user friendly error messages, often presented as pop up boxes in a TUI style, and offers to enter the BIOS setup utility or to ignore the error and proceed if possible.Instead of battery backed RAM, the modern Wintel machine may store the BIOS configuration settings in flash ROM, perhaps the same flash ROM that holds the BIOS itself.OperationeditWhen we failed to produce an operating system in a timely manner, Glenn started talking with Gary about CPM .It took several months of twisting Garys arm to get Gary to port it to the 8.The final success came when Glenn talked Gary into just separating the IO from the rest of it, with Glenn promising to re write the IO module for the IMSAI 8.So CPM on the IMSAI was a joint effort between Glenn and Gary.Joe Killian7System startupeditGlenn .Gary, and he started twisting Garys arm.He said, Hey Gary, why cant we run this in this IMSAI The IOs all different, wont run.But Glenn persists and finally makes a deal with Gary.He says, Okay Gary, if you split out the IO, Ill write the BIOS, basic IOs system, and Glenn named it then.Well split it out separately.Ill write that part, as long as you can make a division in the program there.And he got Gary to do that and Glenn put those two pieces together and was running Garys CPM on an IMSAI.Glenn let us know that, and it wasnt too much later than Bill was down there making arrangements with Gary Kildall to license CPM.Now that the BIOS is separated out, anybody could write a BIOS for their machine, if it was 8.Digital Research that he formed and did quite well.Joe Killian8Early Intel processors started at physical address 0.FFFF0h. When a modern x.The code segment register is initialized with selector F0.FFFF0. 00. 0h, and limit FFFFh, so that execution starts at 4 GB minus 1.FFFFFFF0h. 1. 0 The platform logic maps this address into the system ROM, mirroring address 0.FFFF0h. If the system has just been powered up or the reset button was pressed cold boot, the full power on self test POST is run.If CtrlAltDelete was pressed warm boot, a special flag value is stored in nonvolatile BIOS memory CMOS before the processor is reset, and after the reset the BIOS startup code detects this flag and does not run the POST.Basic Computer Operation Tutorial The BIOSOverview As I mentioned earlier, the computer without software or firmware is essentially useless.For most of our day to day use, the main operating system Windows, Linux.Before the computer can access the main OS, its going to need a little help.The basic instructions that a computer uses to get up and running are contained in the BIOS basic inputoutput system.The information in the BIOS allows the computer to interface with the monitor, keyboard and mouse among other things until the OS can take over.The BIOS is stored on a small IC that has a small amount of flash memory.That memory is used to store the values entered when you set up the computers BIOS parameters.This page shows some of the various setting and will tell, briefly what the setting affect in the computers operation.Before I go any further, I should tell you that you should not go into the BIOS unless you either know what youre doing or youre working on a computer that is unimportant to you or anyone who may need it.While its relatively difficult to destroy data by changing values in the BIOS, it IS easy to make changes that would prevent the computer from booting.Generally, there is no mouse capability in the BIOS.Most all interaction uses the updown arrows, the page updown buttons and the ENTER key.Some of the newer motherboards have mouse capability but can be navigated with the arrow keys as well.If youre going to buy a motherboard and want to be able to use a mouse when working with the BIOS presets, look for one with a UEFI BIOS interface.To get to the BIOS screen, you have to follow the instructions when the computer just starts to boot.For many motherboards, you hit the delete key to enter the BIOS.Other BIOS use F1, F2 and F1.As you can see, this BIOS is for a motherboard purchased in 2.Both newer and older motherboards will have different optionsfeatures.This motherboard uses a Phoenix BIOS.Others may have a different type of BIOS and may look significantly different.For most motherboards, the owners manual is available online at the manufacturers web site.The BIOS section of the manual will tell you what you need to know about the BIOS settings.If youre unsure, you can almost always find help on one of the computer forums like the Major Geeks forum.This is the first page youll see when you get into this particular BIOS.The appearance and features of the various BIOS configurations from various manufacturers vary significantly.This is a PhoenixAward BIOS.Some computers use an AMI BIOS.Other computer manufacturers produce their own BIOS softwarefirmware.Above, you can see that the Standard CMOS Features is selected.If you hit the ENTER key, you get the screen below.This is the screen where you set the system clock and set several of the drive parameters.Luckily, most of the newer BIOS setread the drive parameters automatically.On the screen above, I scrolled down to the Primary IDE Drive and hit ENTER.The next screen is the result.In this machine, the primary IDE drive is a 4.GB Samsung drive.The screen shows the various drive parameters.Here, we want to let the BIOS set the parameters if the drive is capable.Some older drives dont have the capability to communicate that information to the BIOS and the parameters have to be set manually.Thankfully, most of the older drives have been taken out of service.Next, we scroll down to what is simply labeled BIOS Features and click ENTER.Here you can see some relatively newunique BIOS features.Super boot allows the computer to start faster by storing certain basic system information in memory.The Super BIOS protect protects the computers BIOS information from malicious software that tries to destroy the BIOS data.If the BIOS information is completely destroyed, the computer can not be booted and, if the BIOS IC isnt replaceable installed in a socket vs soldered in place, the motherboard has to be replaced.The Super. Recovery allows you to partition off the drive in a way that nothing can access it from the OS nothing not partitioning software or malware nothing.It is supposed to offer the highest level of protection for your data.The. This is an image of the initial Super.Recovery screen. The next feature is the Super.Speed feature. It allows you to increase the speed of the processor but you have to be careful.If you set it too high, your computer may become unstable, it may be unable to boot andor it could overheat.If you ever make a BIOS change that prevents the computer from booting, you can clear the CMOS memory with the clear CMOS jumper.Generally, this presents no serious problem except for all of the settings going back to the default settings.However, in some cases where a RAID array is set up in the BIOS, the recovery takes longer.If youre working with a RAID, it may take several trips through the BIOS and several reboots to get things back in order dont ask me how I know.Below is a picture of the clear CMOS jumper inside the dotted yellow line.Its generally very near the BIOS IC.If you ever need to clear the CMOS memory, you simply remove power from the computer, move the jumper from pins 1 and 2 to pins 2 and 3.After a second, return the jumper to pins 1 and 2 and restart the computer.The BIOS settings will now be as they were when you initially powered up the machine.In the following image, the green arrow points to the BIOS IC.On this board, its soldered directly to the board but these are often installed in sockets to allow quick replacement.The orange arrow points to the backup battery.This retains the CMOS settings when no power is applied to the motherboard.The battery rarely needs replacing but if youre working on an old machine, you should check it to confirm that its voltage is approximately the rated voltage generally 3v.The yellow arrow points to the clear CMOS header.As you can see, a shunt is installed across pins 1 and 2.If youre unsure about the pin numbering on a header, there are often indicators like the white triangle red arrow.On this board, there is also a number 3 but there arent always numbers.The image above is a Flash graphic so you can right click and zoom in on it.You can click HERE to open it in a new window.A couple more notes about the CMOS.As was stated previously, clearing the CMOS memory restores the system to what it was when the system was powered up for the first time.Generally, the computer will function after clearing the CMOS but for advanced systems there are some things you should know.Any over clocking settings will be lost.This wont cause any problems but could be annoying if you have to find the sweet spot for the system.If youre running a RAID hard drive configuration, clearing the CMOS will remove the RAID settings and the system will not boot until the RAID array has been reconfigured.If this happens and you dont know how to reconfigure the RAID array, try to find someone who does.If you were running a RAID array, it was likely done for a reason security against hard drive failure or for better performance.If you reload the operating system on one of the drives because you cant reonfigure the array, you will lose the benefit of the array and will lose all information on the drives.If you cant find the clear CMOS jumperheader, look for the battery.The header is almost always near the battery large silver coin cell battery.On some motherboards, there is an alternate way to clear the CMOS.On THIS motherboard, you can see that there is a switch on the back of the board.This is convenient but you have to be aware that its there if youre reaching around the back of the computer trying to plug something in.If you accidentally push the button, it will clear the CMOS.Here, we scrolled down to the Advanced BIOS Features and clicked enter.There are too many features here to cover them all but you should notice a few.At the top, you can see that the virus warning is ENABLED.The quick POST is enabled allowing even faster booting.Below that, you can see that you have options for the boot order of the various drives.Here, we have told the computer to boot to the CD ROM first and if you dont find a boot record, boot from the hard drive. |
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